Orthodontic relapse is the major concern in both adolescent and adult orthodontic treatment. The causes of orthodontic relapse are reported to be of various origins. Functional diagnostic procedures allow to report the presence of disturbances in temporomandibular joint functioning, chewing muscle functioning and tooth contacts. The T-scan computerized occlusal analysis is aimed to diagnose the presence of tooth contacts that contribute to the overall imbalance in the occlusal pattern, the presence of force outliers which contribute to excessive teeth load and the timing characteristics of the functioning occlusion. The procedure of Anteroposterior tooth contact adjustment (APTCA) was worked out to analyze the presence of factors contributing to the anterior teeth movements after the completion of orthodontic treatment and subsequently to diminish the risk of the orthodontic relapse caused by these tooth contacts.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of gel topical anaesthesia in second surgeries of dental implants according to the different treated areas of the oral cavity, as well as the type of oral mucosa in which is effective. Material and methods: Thirteen partially and completely edentulous patients with 30 implants in total were included in the study. The oral mucosa was dried and the anesthetic gel (Benzocaine 20%) was applied with a cotton roll for 2 minutes. The effectiveness was evaluated with an exploratory probe. Those implants whose cover screw was not submerged in a depth higher than 2-4 mm were selected. In the event of the gel topical anaesthesia not being effective, reinforcement with conventional infiltrative anaesthesia was made. Pain was measured with Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), and the gum thickness with periodontal probe. A one-way Anova and a Pearson correlation were used to perform the statistical analysis (p=0.05). Results: The 66.67% of the sample needed reinforcement through conventional anesthetic infiltration. No statistically signifi cant differences were found in the comparison of pain with different gum thickness (p=0.59), although a higher feeling of pain was actually observed in those patients who were firstly subjected to a second-stage surgery (p=0.0335). Conclusion: The use of gel topical anaesthesia cannot be considered as the sole treatment to eliminate the feeling of pain, but as a coadjuvant to infiltrative anesthesia. No significant differences have been found between the different treated areas of the oral cavity, nor in the thickness or type of oral mucosa.

Reconstruction of fully edentulous arches with implant-retained dentures requires thorough planning and precise registration of the interocclusal relationship, to achieve a successful treatment outcome. This technical report describes three representative approaches from a cohort of 89 fully edentulous arches in 69 patients who were treated with the described mounting guide technique. A technique of using a duplicated denture as a guide is described, which allows for the accurate transfer of the occlusal relationship and vertical dimensions, while facilitating the full-arch restoration process with implantretained fixed or removable dentures and reducing the number of required in-office sessions.

Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most common autosomal chromosome aberration in human. The incidence of the syndrome varies in 1:700 and 1:1000 live births according to various studies, with 20% of cases. In aborted material proportion is even higher, with 60% of cases. While 20% of cases with Down syndrome are stillborn. In these patients, there is a strong predisposition to cardiovascular disease, seizures [1], leukemia[2,3], infections with hepatitis B virus (especially within institutionalized men)[4], upper respiratory tract infections [5], Alzheimer’s disease[6], obesity [7], thyroid diseases [8], cardiac anomalies [9], and obstructive sleep apnea [10,11]. Disruption of the proteostasis network and accumulation of misfolded proteins occur as a result of an abnormality in the number of hromosome 21 [12]. Errors in protein homeostasis could contribute to the observed pathology and decreased cell viability in children with Down syndrome [13].